Voluntary sustainability standards and soil health: insights from a case study in soybean production in Brazilian Savannah

Given the increasing global demand for sustainable agricultural practices, there is a growing need to evaluate the effectiveness of governance mechanisms. This paper presents a case study analysis of voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) and their impact on maintaining soil health in the context of soybean production, specifically in the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado biome). The sustainability of soybean production certified by VSS ProTerra and Roundtable on Responsible Soy was evaluated on 35 farms, considering factors such as land use, deforestation, cultivation methods, pesticide usage, and their effects on soil health. The assessment of these factors was conducted through a comprehensive methodology that included field visits, soil sampling and laboratory analysis, remote sensing techniques using satellite imagery, and structured interviews with farm managers. VSS are private governance mechanisms that establish quality standards to be followed in various areas. The study shows that the standards are generally respected on certified farms and, in particular, excluding deforestation. The VSS promote incremental improvements within the overall context of large-scale, business-as-usual agriculture by promoting practices that enhance soil fertility, reduce erosion, and optimise input use. These actions can contribute to stronger soil health, boosting resilience, and productivity. The urgency of reconciling food production with climate change mitigation and adaptation will increase interest in and demand for sustainable agriculture certification in the coming decades. Therefore, the monitoring and verification of the effectiveness of those standards, as shown in our study, are fundamental to provide true benefits, transparency, and confidence to the market.