Soil health in Latin America and the Caribbean

Socio-economic progress relies on critical soil ecosystem services, yet Latin American and Caribbean soils face considerable pressures. Here we assess soil health across the region using remote sensing data processed with cloud-based machine learning to create high-resolution maps (90 m) of a soil health index. This index integrates weighted physical, chemical, and biological indicators, such as total porosity, plant-available water, and carbon stock. Based on five soil functions, which involve water and nutrient fluxes, carbon sequestration, and supporting plant growth, we found that 38% of soils are classified as unhealthy, 28% as moderate, and 34% as healthy. Unhealthy soils dominate drylands and savannas with frequent surface exposure, while humid equatorial zones exhibit healthier conditions. Notably, the Amazon basin registers medium-low soil health, underscoring the urgent need for conservation. Our findings offer a robust framework for soil protection policies and restoration strategies to enhance sustainability and ecosystem resilience.