Raul Roberto Poppiel1, Maurício Roberto Cherubin1,2, Jean J. M. Novais1 and José A. M. Demattê1,2
- 1Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil2Center for Carbon Research in Tropical Agriculture (CCARBON), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
Abstract
Socio-economic progress relies on critical soil ecosystem services, yet Latin American and Caribbean soils face considerable pressures. Here we assess soil health across the region using remote sensing data processed with cloud-based machine learning to create high-resolution maps (90 m) of a soil health index. This index integrates weighted physical, chemical, and biological indicators, such as total porosity, plant-available water, and carbon stock. Based on five soil functions, which involve water and nutrient fluxes, carbon sequestration, and supporting plant growth, we found that 38% of soils are classified as unhealthy, 28% as moderate, and 34% as healthy. Unhealthy soils dominate drylands and savannas with frequent surface exposure, while humid equatorial zones exhibit healthier conditions. Notably, the Amazon basin registers medium-low soil health, underscoring the urgent need for conservation. Our findings offer a robust framework for soil protection policies and restoration strategies to enhance sustainability and ecosystem resilience.